Pakistan history, distorted by the literalists

Literalists have always invented Islam, depriving it of universalism and divesting its teachings of its historic context. But the 'Muslims-only' Pakistan ideology is a figment of their imagination that has no real basis in history.

Shams Hamid June 29, 2010

Recently released, the Brookings Institute report claims that the real cause of militancy in Pakistan is the public education system, and not religious schools (madrssas) because the majority of Pakistani students attend public school whereas only ten per cent attend madrassas. It states that Pakistani public schools disseminate militancy, hatred, jihad and distort history.


Until 1970, despite bureaucratic and military dictatorships, the Pakistani educational curriculum and textbooks, for example, had included the history of the Maurya and Gupta dynasties of the sub-continent conforming to the secular ideals of Pakistan clearly expressed by Mohammad Ali Jinnah in his speech to the constituent Assembly on 11th August 1947. Mohammad Ali Jinnah said:


“We are starting with the fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal Citizens of one state … Now I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal, and you will find that in the course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual but in the sense as citizens of the state. …You may belong to any caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the state.”


Mohammad Ali Jinnah never used the term 'Ideology of Pakistan' during the struggle for independence nor after independence. Mohammad Ali Jinnah sternly scolded a prominent leader of Muslim League Raja Sahab Mahmudabad when he wrote to the historian Mohibul Hassan in 1939 that we want the dictatorship of Koranic laws. Sharifuddin Pirzada documented another failed attempt of an Abdul Hameed Kazi to propose a bill to create Pakistan as an Islamic state in All India Muslim League’s 1943 session.


In fact the term “Ideology" was first mentioned in 1962, fifteen years after independence, by a member of Jamat-e-Islami. In his monograph From Jinnah to Zia, Justice Munir writes:


“The Quaid-i-Azam never used the words ‘Ideology of Pakistan’ … For fifteen years after the establishment of Pakistan, the Ideology of Pakistan was not known to anybody until in 1962 a solitary member of the Jama’at-I-Islami used the words for the first time when the Political Parties Bill was being discussed. On this, Chaudhry Fazal Elahi, [who later became Pakistan’s president during Z. A. Bhutto’s regime], rose from his seat and objected that the ‘Ideology of Pakistan’ shall have to be defined. The member who had proposed the original amendment replied that the ‘Ideology of Pakistan was Islam’.”


The three rigid religious political parties Jamiat-i-Ulama-i-Hind, the Majlis-i-Ahrar and Jamat-e-Islami were opposed to Muslim league and the demand for an independent Pakistan. In Punjab Majlis-i-Ahrar exploited Islamic ideology to defeat Muslim League in pre-partition election of 1945 calling Muslim League leaders ‘Kafirs’ and opposing their demand for a separate state.


Ironically, the term “Ideology of Pakistan” was also first coined and used by Jamat-e-Islami who were against the creation of Pakistan and they did not participate with the Muslim League in the movement for the independence of Pakistan.


After the independence of Pakistan, Jamat-e-Islami established its Pakistan chapter claiming that Pakistan was created for Muslims to live according to Islamic Shariah. Jamat-e-Islami even forgets that the Ahmadiya community supported Independence of Pakistan after Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s assurance that Pakistan will be a modern Muslim state, neutral on sectarian matters (Report of the Court of Inquiry, 1954: 196). However, Jamat-e-Islami Pakistan still cannot justify their opposition to the creation of Pakistan if it was being created only for Muslims to practice the literalist interpretation of Islam.


In late 1970’s, after the fall of East Pakistan, the Pakistani educational system began to implement the Islamisation project based on the literalist interpretation of Islam practiced by a very small percentage of the Muslim population. Jamat-e-Islami and other religious political parties championed the Islamisation project. This is a shameful testimonial to the twisted logic of the handful of Muslim literalists.


The unholy alliance of 1980s, between the dictatorial military regime of Pakistan under General Zia-ul-Haq, the unelected literalist religious political party Jamat-e-Islami and American government, cemented Islamisation of all Pakistani institutions including public educational institutions. The national education policy was Islamised in accordance with the narrow literal interpretation of Islam. The national educational curriculum was revised and textbooks were re-written to re-invent Pakistan as a purely religious society only for Muslim citizens.


Syed Abul A’la Maudoodi of Jama’at-e-Islami prescribed that all educational subjects should be taught from the perspective of the literal interpretation of Quran. Maudoodi did not accept the distinction between the religious and the non-religious worldly disciplines of education.


“In the teaching material, no concept of separation between the worldly and the religious be given; rather all the material be presented from the Islamic point of view.” (Curriculum Document, Primary Education, Class K-V, 1995, p. 41.)


The Sustainable Development Policy Institute found four major themes emerging strongly from their analysis of the curricula and textbooks of the three compulsory subjects:


1. that Pakistan is for Muslims alone;


2. that Islamic teachings, including a compulsory reading and memorisation of Qur’an, are to be included in all the subjects, hence to be forcibly taught to all the students, whatever their faith;


3. that Ideology of Pakistan is to be internalized as faith, and that hate be created against  Hindus and India; and


4. students are to be urged to take the path of Jehad and Shahadat.


Literalists have always invented Islam depriving it of universalism and divesting its teachings of its historic context. ‘Pakistan ideology’ is also a case of their figment of imagination that has no basis in Pakistani history.


Islam has multiple interpretations and only one of those interpretations, i.e., the literalist interpretation of Islam, is fatalistic and anti-humanistic. However, there are only a few Muslims who accept or live by the literalists’ interpretation of Islam, whereas more than 95 per cent of Muslims consciously reject the literalist interpretation of Islam.


Literalists themselves fail in avoiding contradictions in their own literal interpretation in their attitude and lifestyle. Zakir Naik, an Indian Muslim preacher of these parochial views of unequal human rights for men, women and for people of different faith has recently been restricted from giving a speech in UK and Canada but he is fighting against this verdict on the grounds of freedom of speech and equal human rights. They are not ready to allow equal human rights in their society while shamelessly demanding it from the secular societies.


These literalists simultaneously benefit from all the modern technologies, like getting photographed, using phones, watching television, flying in airplane, using western banking and so on; and criticise them all for being ‘non-Islamic’ and ‘secular’.


Literalists have a very small following because most people find it difficult to live in bad faith with a false consciousness, i.e. believing in one thing and doing its opposite. They have changed already, they should understand and accept it. The idea of a return is impossible; you cannot travel back in history.


Pakistani public education needs to focus on re-designing its curriculum, re-writing and reconstructing teaching material including textbooks and constructing a non-violent, democratic learning environment in the public schools to disseminate tolerant views and employment-oriented education.

WRITTEN BY:
Shams Hamid Analysis and intellectual discourse from Toronto based Research Fellow at the Centre of Critical Qualitative Health Research, University of Toronto
The views expressed by the writer and the reader comments do not necassarily reflect the views and policies of the Express Tribune.

COMMENTS (44)

Ifthikar | 13 years ago | Reply Even Jinnah never used the word Secular in his entire life
sj | 13 years ago | Reply @ mr shams hameed:well i read this article and totally diagrees wid it.. its just a clear reflection of mr shams hameed's secular thoughts.. it has nothing to do with education..state or anything else... he said in the start of his article that the real cause of militancy in Pakistan is the public education system, and not religious schools.. well as you all know that the talibans are the one who are causing this terrorism..who have destroyed the image of islam... though i am sure that they are being used by and supported by some external agencies but even if we consider them reasponsible for all that millitancy, so my question to that author is that which school these talibans have studied from..???? do you think they have studied in the pakistani education system..??? its clearly NO.... infact they hav never even entered the schools... and then how could you blame the pakistani education system the real cause of millitancy.. and whta do you think about the muslims outside pakistan who were involved in your so-called terrorist acts??? do you think they all have studied in pakistani education system.... so my point was that the pakistani education system has nothing to do with this millitancy....infact the main reason is lack of knowledge and unawereness of islamic techings. and i total agree with WH that true islam and true islamic system is the only solution of all such issues now coming to the second point that related to the ideology of paikstan... i am seriously shocked to know authors views... i mean what the hell. you dont even know the basic purpose of pakistan.??? i think you hav forgotten the TWO-NATION THEORY.. you should have a look at it again.. that was the main reason to start a struggle for a seperate country.. infact pakistan was a dream of iqbal and his ideology is very clear..i think you hav also forgotten the slogans and banners used in pakistan movement i.e "PAKISTAN KA MATLAB KYA .. LA LIAHA ILALLHA"... i again agree here with WH that did we sacrifice millions of lives just for a piece of land???? now if we talk about the great leader QUAID E AZAM.so you can get your ans in this link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2E3tD_4Ecw even if we admit it that to some extent quaid e azam was a bit secualr in nature.. and that his ideology was a bit different (which i can surely say was not) but the milllions of muslims who sacrificed their lives n who struggled for pakistan had a very clear cut ideology..... @hamza baloch: i totaly agree with ur thoughts.. i reallly appreciate that...
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